Health&Weight Loss

On this page:
When should I call the doctor?
What do the kidneys?
What is a kidney stone?
Are all types of stones?
What is the appearance of kidney stones?
What can my doctor if I have a problem stone?
How will my doctor find out what kind of stone I have?
Why do I need to know what kind of stone I have?
What I can do to avoid more stones?
Points to Remember
For More Information
Acknowledgements

If you have a kidney stone, also called kidney stone, you probably already know how painful it can be. Most stones pass out of the body without having to consult a physician. But sometimes there are stones that can not be deleted alone. You can even become larger. Your doctor can help.
You should call the doctor when you have
severe pain in the back or side that will not go
blood in urine
fever and chills
vomiting
urine that smells bad or looks cloudy, not clear
a burning sensation when urinating
These may be signs of a kidney stone that requires the care of a physician

What do the kidneys?
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs. Everyone has more or less, the size of your fist. They are located near the middle of the back, just below the ribs, one on each side of the column. The kidneys are complex waste collectors. Every day, your kidneys process about 200 quarts of blood to sift out about 2 quarts of excess water and waste. Excess water and waste becomes urine, which flows to your bladder through tubes called ureters. The bladder stores urine until you go to the bathroom.

I refuse to be found in your blood come from normal wear and active muscle foods you eat. The body uses food for energy and repair itself. Once the body has taken what it needs from food, wastes enter the blood. If the kidneys did not remove these wastes, they accumulate in the blood and would harm the body.
In addition to removing wastes, your kidneys help control blood pressure. They also help make red blood cells of the blood and bones to stay strong.
[Top]
What is a kidney stone?
A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney substances in the urine.
A stone may stay in the kidney or break loose and travel down the urinary tract. A small stone may pass outside the body without causing too much pain.
A larger stone may get stuck in a ureter, bladder, or urethra. A problem stone can block the flow of urine and cause great pain.
[Top]
Are all types of stones?
No. Doctors have found four main types of kidney stones.
The most common type of stone contains calcium. Calcium is a mineral that is part of a healthy diet.

Calcium that is not used for bones and muscles goes to the kidneys. In most people, the kidneys remove excess calcium along with the rest of the urine. People who have calcium stones keep the calcium in the kidneys.

Calcium is not deleted joins with other waste products to form a stone. The most common combination is calcium oxalate stones.

A struvite stone may form after an infection of the urinary system. These stones contain the mineral magnesium and the waste product ammonia.

A uric acid stone may form when there is too much acid in the urine. If you have the tendency to form uric acid stones, you may have to reduce the amount of meat you eat.

Cystine stones are rare. Cystine is one of the basic components that make up muscles, nerves and other body parts. Cystine can build up in the urine to form a stone. The disease causes the formation of cystine stones is hereditary, which means that “runs in the family

What can my doctor if I have a problem stone?
If you have a stone that can not be removed outside the body, your doctor will take steps to eliminate it. In the past, the only way to remove a problem stone was through a medical operation.
Currently, doctors have new ways to remove problem stones. The following sections describe some of these methods.
Shock Waves
Your doctor may use a machine to send shock waves directly on the stone in the kidney. The shock waves break a large stone into smaller stones that can pass through the urinary system with your urine. The technical name for this method is extracorporeal lithotripsy by shock waves (also known by its acronym in English as ESWL). Doctors often call it ESWL for short. The word comes from Greek lithotripsy and stone grinding means.
There are two types of machines that produce shock waves. In one of the machines, the patient sits in a tub or tub filled with water. In most new machines, you lie on a stretcher. A health technician will use ultrasound or x-ray images to guide the shock waves to the stone.
Tunnel surgery
In this method, the doctor makes a small cut on the back of the patient makes a narrow tunnel through the skin to the stone inside the kidney. Using a special tool that fits inside the tunnel, the doctor can find the stone and remove it. The technical name for this method is percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
The ureteroscope
At A ureteroscope looks like a long wire. The doctor inserts it into the patient’s urethra, passes through the bladder and, above, directs it to the ureter where the stone is located. The ureteroscope has a camera that can see where the stone. Through a small cage, catch the stone and pull it out of the body, or physician may remove the stone with a device inserted through the ureteroscope.
Ask your doctor which method is best for you.

Renal cell carcinoma is the most common form of kidney cancer, especially in adults, originated from the renal tubules. Initial treatment is surgery, it has the distinction of being consistently resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, although some cases have responded favorably to immunotherapy. The advent of targeted anticancer therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib, [1] has greatly improved the future treatment of kidney cancer.

Epidemiology
Renal cell carcinoma is more common in people between 50 and 70 years of age and tends to be more common in men. [2] The most common risk factors include smoking, genetic factors and hemodialysis. About a third of patients have metastases at diagnosis. In Latin America the country with the highest incidence of renal cell cancer is Uruguay. [3]

[Edit] Clinical
The classic triad of kidney cancer is blood in the urine, flank pain and the appearance of an abdominal mass. This triad is known as the triad too late, for when the patient presents the three symptoms, the disease has progressed beyond a point of healing. Currently, most renal tumors are asymptomatic and are discovered accidentally during an imaging test, usually in search of unrelated causes.

Other signs may include:

Abnormal urine color (brown, red, copper, etc.) due to the appearance of red blood cells in urine.
Loss of weight and looks malnourished.
The main symptom may be due to metastatic disease, such as pathologic fracture of a bone marrow dissemination.
Varicocele or enlargement of a testicle lock gonadal vein, usually from the left side due to compression by the tumor of the renal vein, gonadal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.
Vision abnormalities.
Pale by overload.
Hirsutism – excessive hair growth in women.
Constipation
Hypertension
Elevated calcium (hypercalcemia)
[Edit] Etiology

Renales.Se cell carcinoma is unknown exactly what the reason for the appearance of cancer cells in the kidney. It is known that the history of smoking increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Some people may have inherited the risk of kidney cancer, so it is important to the individual’s family history.

It has begun to think that the inhalation of various chemicals may be causal and have noticed that there is a continuous increase in diagnoses in women. It has also been a disproportionate percentage of obese people with kidney cancer, so it is expected that this disorder is an important factor. Those with the syndrome von Hippel-Lindau disease, an inherited disease that also affects the capillaries of the brain, are often diagnosed with kidney cancer. At risk are also those who for other kidney disease, requiring dialysis treatment.

[Edit] Pathology
The gross appearance shows a multilobulated yellowish tumor located in the renal cortex, which often contain areas of necrosis, hemorrhage and fibrosis. Under the microscope, are seen in the tumor cells forming cords, papillae, tubules or nests and cells tend to be atypical, polygonal and large. Because these cells accumulate glycogen and lipids, their cytoplasm has a clear appearance with the central nucleus and a clear plasma membrane. Some cells may be smaller with a reddish or eosinophilic cytoplasm, similar to normal tubular cells. The stroma is reduced and well vascularized. The tumor compresses the surrounding parenchyma, producing a pseudo-capsule. [4] The production and secretion of vasoactive substances, such as renin, can cause high blood pressure and release of erythropoietin may cause an increased production of red blood cells or erythrocytosis.

[Edit] Histology
Renal cell carcinoma has 5 histological types:

Clear cells, representing 75% of cases, tend to have originated in the proximal tubule and cell tumors present with the unusually clear cytoplasm rich in glycogen and lipids. It is usually the type of kidney cancer genetic modification, usually a deletion on chromosome 3.
Chromophilic or papillary tumors, representing 15% of renal cell carcinomas tend to be bilateral or multifocal and may have a trisomy 7 and / or 17. Grow as papillary and usually come in proximal tubule cells of the nephron.
Large polygonal cells, despite having a pale cytoplasm tends to be networked, have an indolent course and form solid tumors or sarcomatoid. They tend to be hypodiploid cells and cells derived from cortical collecting duct. They represent approximately 3% of renal cell carcinomas.
Renal oncocytoma, eosinophilic cells is predominantly that rarely cause cytogenetic metastases and do not exhibit as above. Constitute 3% of the cases come from cortical collecting duct cells.
Collecting cell carcinoma is an uncommon variant, usually less than 2% characterized by an aggressive clinical course of cells that come from medullary collecting duct.
[Edit] Staging
See also: Staging
Staging of carcinoma of the kidney is very similar to the staging of other malignancies, with application to the kidney designed by and named Flocks and Kadesky:

Stage I: when the tumor is located within the renal capsule. [5]
Stage II: the tumor has reached invade the fatty tissue surrounding the kidney does not cross over the Gerota fascia or capsule around the kidney. [6]
Stage III: The tumor has invaded the renal vein or inferior vena cava, there has been infiltration of regional lymph nodes or both. [7]
Stage IV: tumor invades adjacent viscera, excluding the adrenal gland on the same side or distant metastases have appeared. [8]
Another method often used in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma is the TNM system, reported by pathologists, radiologists, etc:

Primary tumor (T):
TX – Primary tumor can not be studied,
T0 – No evidence is found of a primary tumor
T1 – Tumor 7 cm or smaller in size and larger in the kidney
T2 – Tumor more than 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to kidney
T3 – Tumor extends to the main renal veins or invades adrenal or peri-renal tissues, including adipose tissue, without crossing the Gerota fascia
T3a – Tumor invades adrenal gland or peri-renal tissues without exceeding Gerota’s fascia
T3b – Tumor extends into renal vein, vena cava below the diaphragm
T3c – Tumor extends through the renal veins or vena cava above the diaphragm
T4 – Tumor invades beyond the Gerota fascia or capsule around the kidney
Regional lymph nodes (N)
NX – Lymph nodes are not accessible for study
N0 – No shows regional lymph node metastases
N1 – Metastasis in a lymph node
N2 – Metastasis in more than 1 lymph node
Distant metastases (M)
MX – Distant metastasis can not be studied
M0 – No distant metastases are seen
M1 – Distant metastases evident
Stadiums
Stage I – T1, N0, M0
Stage II – T2, N0, M0
Stage III – T1-2, N1, M0 or T3a-c, N0-1, M0
Stage IV – T4, or any T, N2, M0, or any T, any N, M1
[Edit] Treatment
Treatment options for renal cell cancer are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy or a combination thereof. Over 50% of patients with renal cell cancer are cured in the early stages of the disease, but the prognosis for stage IV is considerably bad. The probability of cure depends directly on the stage, ie the degree of tumor spread, so the approach is curative in early stages.

[Edit] References
↑ FDA approves sunitinib for kidney cancer and gastrointestinal (in Spanish). e-Medicum.com – Last accessed May 28, 2008.
↑ [MedlinePlus] (November 2007). “Renal cell carcinoma” (in Spanish). Medical Encyclopedia in Spanish. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
Eble JN ↑, Sauter G, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn IA (Eds): World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. IARC Press, Lyon, 2004. Cited by KidneyPathology.com.
↑ “pathologyatlas.ro.” Retrieved on 29/12/2007.
↑ National Cancer Institute. Kidney Cancer Stage I (in Spanish). Dictionary of cancer.
↑ National Institute of CNAC carcinogenic cancerous Colon cancer wonderful and funny. kidney cancer stage II (in Spanish). Dictionary of cancer.
↑ National Cancer Institute. kidney cancer stage II (in Spanish). Dictionary of cancer.
↑ National Cancer Institute. kidney cancer stage II (in Spanish). Dictionary of Cancer Terms

Kidney cancer is formed when cancer cells grow within the kidney.The kidneys are organs that are responsible for blood filtration by sending waste into the urine.

There are several types of kidney cancer:

Transitional cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma usuallyaffecting adults
Wilm’s tumor that usually affects children under 5 years
The renal cell carcinoma is by far the type most common canceraccounting for 85% of cases of kidney cancer

Symptom of kidney cancer
Blood in the urine (hematuria)
back pain
Unexplained weight loss
Loss of appetite
Fever (in the case of renal cell carcinoma)
hypertension
Kidney cancer: risk factors
The causes of kidney cancer remain to this day still unknown.
It may be that certain types of kidney cancer are hereditary
Smoking increases the risk of developing kidney cancer
Patients suffering from chronic renal failure are more likely to develop kidney cancer
Genetic problems (von Hippel-Lindau)
Obesity increases the risk of cancer
Working with toxic materials such as asbestos
Prevent cancer of the kidney

Avoid tobacco
Submit to regular examinations especially if you are on dialysis

Screening for kidney cancer
Patient history are checked
The doctor will examine the region of the stomach and sides to detect the presence of abnormal mass.
Urine tests to determine the presence of blood or cancer cells
Blood tests to determine the rate of creatinine
Intravenous urography - Review where a dye is injected into a vein which will flow to the kidney allowing the physician to detect abnormalities in the kidney
computed tomography [CT] and magnetic resonance imaging[MRI] are used to determine the type and extent of cancer
renal biopsy
Treatment of Kidney Cancer
In the case of renal cell carcinoma surgery is the treatment mostused
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used if the cancer has spread to other organs
Immunotherapy with interferon and interleukin-2 is often used in the case of renal cell carcinomas
When to call a doctor?
You should by no means make your own diagnosis and you needto call a doctor if you notice blood in your urine or other symptomsdescribed above.

key Points
Inflammatory breast cancer is a type of breast cancer is rare but very aggressive (inflammatory breast cancer, IBC, an acronym in English) (see Question 1).
Inflammatory breast cancer usually grows rapidly and usuallyspreads to other parts of the body, symptoms are breast red,swollen and hot (see Questions 2 and 3).
Treatment for inflammatory breast cancer usually begins with chemotherapy, usually followed by surgery, radiation, hormonaltherapy or targeted therapy (see Question 4).
It is advised that people with inflammatory breast cancerparticipate in clinical trials (research studies with people) that explore new treatments (see Question 5).

What is inflammatory breast cancer?
Inflammatory breast cancer is a type of breast cancer is rare but very aggressive. The cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin of the breast. This type of breast cancer called “inflammatory” because the breast often looks swollen and red, or “inflamed.” Inflammatory breast cancer accounts for 1 to 5 percent of all breast cancer cases in the United States (1). It is usually diagnosed in younger women compared with other types of breast cancer. African-American women suffer from inflammatory breast cancer more frequently and at a younger age than whites. Like other types of breast cancer, men may also be diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer, but usually at an older age than women. Some studies have shown an association between a family history of breast cancer and inflammatory breast cancer, but further studies are needed to draw firm conclusions (2).

What are the symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer?
Symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer are the breast red, swollen and hot, often with no defined lump. The breast looks red and swollen because cancer cells are blocking the lymph vessels in the skin. The breast skin may also have a pink, reddish purple or bruised. The skin may also have ridges or appear as if stung, like the skin of an orange (called peau d’orange), which is caused by a buildup of fluid and edema (swelling) in the breast. Other symptoms include heaviness, burning, pain, breast enlargement, tenderness or inverted nipples (sunk inward) (3). These symptoms often arise quickly, over a period of weeks or months.You can also find swollen lymph nodes under the arm, above the collarbone or in both places. However, it is important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions such as infection, injury or other types of cancer (1).

How is it diagnosed inflammatory breast cancer?
The diagnosis of IBC is based primarily on results of clinical examination of the doctor (1). Biopsy, mammogram and breast ultrasound are used to confirm the diagnosis. Inflammatory breast cancer is classified as a breast cancer stage IIIB or IV (2). Breast cancer stage IIIB is locally advanced, while the cancer is stage IV breast cancer that has spread to other organs. Inflammatory breast cancer tends to grow faster and physical appearance of the breast in patients with IBC is different from other cancer patients with stage III breast. Inflammatory breast cancer is a particularly aggressive cancer and locally advanced.

Cancer staging describes the extent or severity of a person suffering from cancer. (The newsletter of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Staging: Questions and Answers on http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/cancer/hojas-informativas/etapa-cancer-respuestas provides more information about the staging). Knowing the stage of the cancer helps the doctor to create a treatment plan and estimate prognosis (prediction of the possible evolution of a disease or outcome, the possibility of recovery or recurrence).

How is inflammatory breast cancer?
Treatment of inflammatory breast cancer include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, surgery, radiotherapy and hormone therapy.You can also receive supportive care to help control the side effects of cancer and its treatment. In general, chemotherapy (anticancer drugs) is the first treatment given to patients with inflammatory breast cancer, which is called neoadjuvant therapy.Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment, ie, affects cells throughout the body. The purpose of chemotherapy is to control or kill cancer cells, including those that have spread to other parts of the body.

After chemotherapy, you may have surgery or radiotherapy of the chest wall when present inflammatory breast cancer. Both radiation and surgery are local treatments that affect only the tumor cells and their surroundings. The purpose of surgery is to remove the tumor from the body, while the purpose of radiotherapy is to destroy the remaining cancer cells. Surgery to remove the breast (or as much breast tissue as possible) is called a mastectomy. The lymph node dissection (removal of lymph nodes found in the armpit for examination under a microscope) is performed during surgery.

After systemic and local treatments, you may receive more systemic treatments to reduce the risk of recurrence (cancer coming back). These treatments may include additional chemotherapy, hormonal therapy (treatment that interferes with the effects of the female hormone estrogen, which can promote the growth of breast cancer cells), targeted therapy (such as trastuzumab, also known as Herceptin ®) or all three.Trastuzumab is administered to patients whose tumors overexpress the HER-2 tumor protein. For more information about Herceptin and the HER-2 protein, see the NCI fact sheet Herceptin ® (Trastuzumab): Questions and Answers, in http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/therapy/herceptin on the Internet.

The supportive care treatments are offered to improve the quality of life of patients who have an illness serious or life-threatening, like cancer. The supportive care can prevent or treat the symptoms of the disease as quickly as possible, as well as the side effects caused by treatment of the disease and psychological problems, social and spiritual related to the disease or its treatment. For example, you can use compression garments to treat lymphedema (swelling caused by excessive accumulation of fluid) resulting from radiation therapy or lymph node removal. Also, meet with social workers, counselors or clergy can help those who want to talk about their feelings and concerns. A social worker can often suggest resources to help with recovery, emotional support, financial aid, transportation or home care.

Are clinical trials (research studies with people) available?Where can I get more information about clinical trials?
Yes, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) is sponsoring clinical trials designed to find new treatments and better ways to use current treatments. Before a new treatment can be recommended for general use, doctors conduct clinical trials to see if the treatment is safe for patients and effective against the disease.Participation in clinical trials is a treatment option when you have inflammatory breast cancer and encourages those who have this cancer to consider participating in a clinical trial.

People who want to participate in a clinical trial should talk with your doctor. For more information about clinical trials, contact the Information Service on Cancer (CIS) (see below) at 1-800-4-CANCER and ask for the brochure’s participation in clinical trials: what cancer patients need know. This booklet describes how research studies carried out and explains their benefits and risks.Additional information about clinical trials is available http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials the NCI Web site. This site provides detailed information on the studies currently being conducted for linking to PDQ ®, the comprehensive database of information on cancer of the NCI. The CIS also provides information from PDQ.

What is the prognosis when you have inflammatory breast cancer?
The forecast describes the possible evolution of a disease or outcome, ie the possibility that the patient will recover or that the cancer will return. Inflammatory breast cancer is more likely to have metastasized (spread to other body parts) when diagnosed as cases of non-inflammatory breast cancer (3). Consequently, only 25 to 50 percent of those with inflammatory breast cancer live longer than 5 years after diagnosis, this rate is significantly lower than the survival rate of patients with breast cancer is not inflammatory. It is important to consider, however, that these statistics are averages based on large numbers of patients. The statistics can not be used to predict what will happen to a particular patient because each person’s situation is unique. They should talk to your doctor about the prognosis of the case given the particular situation.

Where can I get more information about breast cancer and its treatment?
To learn more about inflammatory breast cancer, over other types of breast cancer and breast health in general, consult the following resources:

Website of the NCI breast cancer (in English)

http://www.cancer.gov/breast

Breast cancer (breast cancer): Treatment (PDQ ®)

http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/pdq/tratamiento/seno/patient

Changes in breast cancer risk

http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/cancer/hojas-informativas/cambios-seno-riesgo

What You Need to Know About ™ Breast Cancer

http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/sabersobre/seno

Selected Bibliography

Merajver SD, MS Sabel. Inflammatory breast cancer. In: Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK, editors. Diseases of the Breast. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004.

Anderson W, Schairer C, Chen B, Hance K, Levine P.Epidemiology of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). Breast Disease 2005, 22:9-23.

Chittoor SR, Swain SM. Locally advanced breast cancer: Role of medical oncology. In: Bland KI, Copeland EM, editors. The Breast: Comprehensive Management of Benign and Malignant Diseases. Vol 2. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1998.
# # #

Websites and related materials of the National Cancer Institute:

Fact Sheet 2.1 of the National Cancer Institute, Cancer Information Sources
(Http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Information/sources)
5.32s Sheet National Cancer Institute, Staging: Questions and Answers
(Http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/cancer/hojas-informativas/etapa-cancer-respuestas)
Fact Sheet 7.1 of the National Cancer Institute, Radiation Therapy for Cancer: Questions and Answers
(Http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/radiation)
Sheet 7.2s NCI’s Cancer, Biological Therapies for Cancer: Questions and Answers
(Http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/cancer/hojas-informativas/terapias-biologicas-respuestas)
Fact Sheet 7.45 National Cancer Institute, Herceptin ® (Trastuzumab): Questions and Answers
(Http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/therapy/herceptin)
Chemotherapy and You: Support for people with cancer
(Http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/cancer/quimioterapia-y-usted)
If you have cancer … you should know about clinical trials
(Http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/que-son-estudios-clinicos)
How can we help you?

We offer extensive information on research-based cancer for patients and families, health professionals, cancer researchers, advocates, and the general public.

Call Information Service Cancer National Cancer Institute at 1-800-422-6237 (1-800-4-CANCER)
Visit us or http://www.cancer.gov http://www.cancer.gov/espanol
Send email to nciespanol@mail.nih.gov
Order publications through http://www.cancer.gov/publications or call at 1-800-422-6237 (1-800-4-CANCER)
Get help with quitting smoking at 1-877-448-7848 (1-877-44U-QUIT

The pancreas is a gland, Which is Located in the back of the abdomen, lying on the spine Almost. It produces insulin, the hormone controls the blood sugar That, as well as Many enzymes are needed for digestion That of food.

Cancer of the pancreas is now the fourth common cause of cancer MOST-related death in United States. The 5-year relative survival rate of Patients With This cancer is only 3 to 5%. Roughly 28.000 new cases are in the Diagnosed Each year United States. This type of cancer is found in men and MOST Frequently African-Americans. The average age of diagnosis at the time 65 years Being. Unfortunately, MOST Diagnosed Patients in advanced stages are when to cure is not possible.

Cause:

The actual cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown. Howeve, Some Environmental Factors, Especially cigarette smoking, play a role in the Development of This cancer.

Signs and Symptoms:

Cancer of the pancreas Can Grow for a long time Without Causing any problems. Most Diagnosed Patients in advanced stages are present and With Any of the Following signs:

Abdominal pain

Weight loss

Nausea, Vomiting

Jaundice, as a result of obstruction of bile ducts

Anemia

Back pain due to invasion of Nerves

Diagnosis:

When Suspect, CT scan or Ultrasound Examination of the abdomen May Establish the diagnosis. Fine needle aspiration A of the pancreas Apr confirm the Existence of the cancer. This Can Also be detected cancer by an endoscopy-assisted study of the pancreas, Which allows Taking a biopsy at the Same Time.

Staging:

Endoscopic ultrasound is a very sensitive That Should Be done study to determine the depth of invasion of the cancer Into the Tissues around the pancreas, as well as evaluation of the local lymph glands. CT scan of abdomen, as well as bone scans, May Have to be done to complete the staging workup.

Treatment:

Surgery: Management of This Disease relie on surgery in an Attempt to remove all or MOST of the pancreas and to reconstruct the continuity of the Bowels. This is a procedure and Carrie Rather Difficult to Very High Risk, Even in the best hands.Indications for surgery are limited to Younger Patients with very small size tumors.

Chemotherapy: Is Appropriate for Patients in Whom the disease is not cured with surgery. Gemcitabine, VP-16, cisplatinum, mitomycin, Taxol, Taxotere, 5-FU and Leucovorin Are Among The Most Commonly used drugs for pancreas cancer. These drugs are Used in combination and Can Have Moderate to severe toxic effects. A newer drug Become That you now is available

Radiation: For the MOST part, it is Used to Control the Symptoms of the disease advanced. Radiation at the time of surgery, Referred to as intra-operative radiation, have not Proven to be Effective Than more external radiation, Which Can Also Be Combined with chemotherapy.

Pattern of Spread:

If left untreated, or if it Fails to Respond to Treatment, Pancreatic cancer spread to the liver dog, lymph glands in the abdomen, lungs and Almost anywhere else.

Prognosis:

In MOST Americans, This cancer carrier to very poor prognosis, due to Which is the advanced stage of the Illness at the time of diagnosis, and in Such cases, survival is short. Can be cured The disease only if it is caught very early.

Special Situations

Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer May Develop Complications Any of the Following.

Pleural effusion

Bone metastasis

Paraneoplastic syndromes

High calcium level

Blood Clots in the legs and other Organs

Pain: Most Patients With This cancer pain experience substantial businesses, Which Can be debilitating. Control of pain is central to care of Patients With This Illness. Celiac Plexus Block Can Neurolytic control the pain in great Majority of Such Patients.

Survival:

Survival of Patients With This cancer depends on the type and Extent of the cancer at the time of initial diagnosis. One-third of Patients with early stages be cured with surgery May alone. In the Majority of Patients in Whom cure is not possible, survival Could Vary from months to years, Depending on the Extent of cancer, overall condition of the patient, as well as response to Treatment and duration of the response.

Follow-up

After completion of Treatment, and In Any combination That Might Have taken place, the patient Needs To Remain under surveillance for The Possibility of recurrence of cancer. Follow-up Should Be Scheduled on a regular basis (initially every one to three months for one to two years). The frequency of follow-up Will depend on the condition of the patient and historical disease. In follow-up visit Each, the patient is Examined and, Normally, a CT scan of the abdomen is Obtained at intervals.

Treatment of advanced or recurrent disease depend on the stage Will and Extent of the disease recurring. Most Patients are Treated with chemotherapy Then using the Same agents Mentioned above. Radiation therapy be helpful in managing May painful or symptomatic areas to Which the cancer have spread.Patients experience pain if, different pain Medications May Be Used to Alleviate the pain. For Patients with Advanced disease, WHERE MOST Treatments Have failed, Could Consider Assistance from one hospice

It is very important to have annual mammography from 40 years to detect breast cancer at an early

The first symptoms.
The most common ways to detect breast cancer consists of a mammogram or breast self-exams and armpits in search of a suspicious lump or unusual. Thus, although the packages that appear near the breasts are not necessarily cancerous, much less, you should always see a doctor just in case. He thinks he is better than cure and also detect cancer early can be vital for healing.
2After menstruation.
When the breasts explore you, you must choose the day you have stopped menstruating, as before, the breasts are usually swollen and hard to find any lumps. Once the rule has gone, it is much easier to recognize a lump or anything else unusual.
3 To what age?
Although breast cancer is usually more common in women over 45 years, it can also occur at very early ages. That is why, after 20 years, it is recommended that you begin to explore you chest from time to time, but be careful, do not have to obsess. Often packages are not harmful and are due to causes that have nothing to do with breast cancer. If you find anything unusual, see your doctor, but remember that there are many causes of lumps, and that in the event that is the product of breast cancer, it has a very high level of cure in those cases in which caught early.
4Other clues.
In addition to the packages that may appear on the breasts, around or in the underarm area, there are other symptoms that may indicate a breast cancer. One is a change in any area of ​​the chest, causing generally wrinkle the skin, redden or even swell.Another indication that there may be a breast cancer is the secretion through the nipples, substances with a watery, milky or, occasionally with blood.
5The importance of mammograms.
While you do your breast exams often, if you’re over 40 years is very important to get a mammogram annually to detect conditions that you have not noticed. Do not forget that early diagnosis is paramount.
6The breast cancer in men.
Although less common in men than in women, men can also suffer from breast cancer. To explore you find yourself in a lump, lie down and put the arm that you will look behind the head. I ran my fingers through the nipple, for their surroundings and armpits.When you finish the operation, place your left arm behind his head and repeat the procedure to examine the opposing party. In addition to the package, other symptoms of this type of condition is bleeding or discharge from the nipples.

This is the most common form of cancer in women, comprising about 19% of all malignant tumors. The likelihood of cancer increases with age is directly proportional to approximately 4% of patients were women younger than 30 years .. The highest death rates are usually between the ages of 40-50 years. In men, breast cancer occurs very rarely.

Risk factors: menopause at age 50, lack of birth or first birth at age 30 years (the incidence is 3 times more often) a family history indicative of breast cancer among mothers, sisters (2 times more likely) or both ( 6 times more often); fibrocystic breast disease (3-5 times faster).

In the development of breast cancer play an important role in pathological processes prior to its tissues, mainly re dishormonal hyperplasia with the formation of foci of fibrocystic mastopathy (fibroadenomatosis). The reasons for these changes in breast tissue are a number of endocrine disorders, often caused by underlying medical conditions ovaries, recurrent abortion, improper feeding a child, etc. The risk increases with the size of the prostate. Some significance in the development of breast cancer may have anatomical and embryological deviation – the presence of additional lobes of glandular tissue, and previous benign tumors – breast fibroadenomas. All of these entities, regardless of their propensity for malignant transformation, to be removed, because sometimes they are difficult to distinguish with some confidence from the beginning of cancer.

On histological structure of the breast cancers often referred to as adenocarcinoma or solid cancers with many transitional forms.Distinguish between ductal and lobular carcinomas presented infiltrative and neinfiltrativnymi forms.

It should be noted that in addition to cancers in the breast is extremely rare (only 1% of cases) may occur and non-epithelial malignant tumors – sarcoma, the diagnosis and treatment which is fundamentally no different from cancer.

Breast cancers are classified by the presence or absence of ERts (estrogen receptor status). The state may entirely change the ERts the disease. ERts-positive tumors more common in postmenopausal women (after menopause). About 60-70% of primary breast cancers characterized by the presence of ERts.ERts-negative tumors are more common in patients with pre-menopausal (before menopause). The state of estrogen receptors influences the choice of treatment.

Localization of tumors in the breast is the most different. Strikes both right-and left-iron around 2.5% watching bilateral breast cancers. Node in the second gland may appear as a metastasis, and the second independent tumor.

In most breast often (primerlo in half of patients) tumors arise in the upper-outer quadrant, sometimes at the edge of its border with the armpit.

Externally, the breast may appear small, very dense chondroid tumor without clear boundaries or as knot myagkovataya testovatoy consistency or round shape with fairly sharp edges, smooth or bumpy surface, sometimes reaching considerable size (5-10 cm), or Finally, in the form of uncertain compaction without clear boundaries.

Local spread of breast cancer on the skin depends on the closeness of its arrangement to cover and the nature of infiltrating growth. One of the typical symptoms of cancer – fixation, and wrinkled skin over the tumor indrawing with a transition in the later stages of a limited lymphostasis (a symptom of “orange peel”), and ulceration. Deep-seated tumors rapidly fuse with the underlying fascia and muscles.

The clinic.

The clinical picture of breast cancer characterized by the first appearance of the tumor site, or seal in the breast with indistinct borders. In this case, a change of cancer – she and her nipple swelling or tucked up and lowered down. Over the location of the tumors observed flattening or lunkoobraznos indrawing of the skin, sometimes a symptom of orange-peel, and subsequently appears ulcer.

Typical symptoms of breast cancer – a flattening of the nipple and indrawing, and bleeding from it. Pain is not a diagnostic feature: they can not have cancer and at the same time greatly disturbed in patients with mastopathy.

In addition to the usual clinical presentation of breast cancer secrete particular its forms: mastitopodobnaya form rozhistopodobnaya form, tubular carcinoma and Paget’s carcinoma.

Mastitopodobny cancer differs from the rapid passage of a sharp increase in breast cancer, its swelling and soreness. The skin is tense, hot to the touch, reddish. Symptoms of this cancer are similar to acute mastitis that young women, especially against the background of the migrated families, often entails severe diagnostic errors.

Rozhistopodobnaya form of cancer differs sharply appearance of redness on the skin glands, sometimes spreading beyond its borders, with jagged serrated edges, sometimes with a high rise in temperature. This form can be mistaken for ordinary erysipelas with the appropriate assignment of various physical therapy and medication, which leads to delays in proper treatment.

The third form – testaceous cancer is caused by cancerous infiltration of the lymph vessels and cracks of the skin, which leads to a thickening of the knobby skin. Formed as a thick shell, covering the half, and sometimes the whole chest. During this highly malignant form.

A special form of the planar damage the nipple and areola is Paget’s carcinoma. In the initial stages there peeling and Moisture nipple, which is often mistaken for eczema. Later the cancer spreads deeper into the ducts glands, forming in the tissue of a typical node cancer with metastatic lymph nodes.Paget’s carcinoma occurs relatively slowly, sometimes for several years, limited only by the defeat of the nipple.

In general, for breast cancer depends on many factors and primarily on the hormonal status and age of the woman. The young, especially against the background of pregnancy and lactation, it is very fast, giving early distant metastases. At the same time in older women with breast cancer may exist for 8-10 years without a propensity to metastasize.

Diagnostics.

For recognition of breast cancer conducted a thorough examination and oschupgvanie patient. At first, it examined while standing with lowered and then raised his hands, and then repeat the inspection and palpation of the patient in a horizontal position on the couch. At the same time seek to identify all the typical symptoms of cancer: a tumor, its density, blurred boundaries, spayanie with skin, breast asymmetry, nipple indrawing, etc. Be sure to explore the second breast to detect tumors in her self, or metastasis, as well as carry out palpation both axillary and supraclavicular regions. Due to the frequency of metastases in the liver area it should also be felt the. A compulsory component of the survey is radiography of the lungs. When the central or medial tumor location sometimes spend chrezgrudinnuyu phlebography for detection of metastases in parasternal lymph node chain.

In cases where the symptoms of breast cancer clearly marked, the diagnosis presents no difficulty. However, in the early stages, with small size, deep location of the tumor and the absence of defined metastatic malignant tumor recognition requires further investigation. For this purpose, using X-ray of the breast (beskontrastnaya mammagrafiya), and puncture of the tumor with the cytological examination. Aspiration biopsy followed by cytology aspirate confirmed the diagnosis. In the biopsy as determined estrogen and progesterone receptors.Retseptorpozitivnye tumors more amenable to hormone therapy and have a better prognosis.

In other cases, resorting to biopsy the tumor excised together with surrounding tissue disease (so-called sectoral resection of the breast) with an urgent histological examination. Upon confirmation of cancer surgery immediately extend to the radical.If the first stage of treatment planning radiation therapy regardless of the degree of confidence, the clinical diagnosis must be confirmed by cytological conclusion. Ultrasound is performed to determine solid or cystic nature of the entity (or palpable nonpalpable).

To clarify the extent of disease at the time of diagnosis and further monitoring is used scintigraphy of the skeleton (if necessary x-rays of the bones), liver ultrasound, X-rays of light, etc.

Treatment.

When breast cancer in early stages when the tumor is small in size and metastases in regional lymph nodes are not available, use a purely surgical treatment in a typical radical mastzktomii.

With tumors greater than 5 cm in diameter, with prominent skin symptoms and infiltration of the surrounding breast tissue and in the presence of palpable metastases in the axillary lymph nodes hold the combined treatment. In the first stage – remote gamma-therapy to the breast area and all areas of regional metastasis (axillary, sub-and supraclavicular and parasternal region), the second – a surgical intervention. No special preoperative or postoperative management of these interventions do not require.It is only necessary to control the active aspiration of the wound being carried out within 3-4 days, and follow up patients they recommended therapeutic exercises to develop hand movements on the side of the operation.

In the common cancers of the breast, both on local manifestations, and the degree of lymph system, especially in young menstruating women, used a complex method of treatment by combining radiation therapy and surgery with hormone treatment, and in some cases with hormone-chemotherapy.

Hormone therapy for breast cancer include bilateral oophorectomy (or ovarian radiation off), and androgen therapy kortikoidnuyu therapy for adrenal suppression. Started hormone therapy can not be cut short; course it should last for many months and even years. Only in cases of very long-term use of hormonal, drugs, or develop symptoms of side effects can be reduced by increased dosage and intervals between doses of drugs, but in no case is still pending treatment.

To chemotherapy and hormonal therapy is widely sought in the occurrence of distant metastases in patients previously had undergone surgical or combined treatment. In addition, the localization of metastases in the bones of the total complement local irradiation treatment of metastasis, which allows a significant percentage of cases granted temporary improvement (remission) and extend the life of the patient. It should also be made to palliative surgery for breast cancer – its simple amputations performed in patients with multiple metastases in the presence of decay and ulceration of the tumor. This operation is not designed to save lives, but saves the patient from painful subjective experiences associated with purely domestic, and social aspects.

In the common cancers of the breast or the presence of distant metastases in older women with menopause duration over b years, in addition to chemotherapy treatment used female sex hormones – estrogen.

Recurrences of breast cancer occur in the area of ​​the scar on the chest wall and rarely require treatment as a local ray techniques (external beam or interstitial administration of radioactive colloidal gold) and total hormone-chemotherapy.

For early detection of recurrence should be dynamic observation of patients after radical treatment. To do this, conducted medical examinations every 3-4 months, annual mammography, bone scan, chest radiography, and examination of the liver. By the patient should be conducted monthly self-examination.

Metastasis.

Shock lymph, which is very developed in the breast tissue, tumor cells are carried to the lymph nodes and provide initial mstastazy.The first affects the axillary, subclavian and subscapular group of nodes, and at the location of the tumor in the medial quadrants of the prostate – parasternal lymph node chain. The next stage is metastasis to supraclavicular, cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes, as well as a cross into the opposite armpit. There is a cross-metastasis in the second breast. In some cases metastases in the axillary lymph nodes appear before discovering a tumor in the breast, and then in the first place it is necessary to exclude cancerous lesion.

Hematogenous metastases occur through the lungs, pleura, liver, bones and brain. For bone metastases is characterized rachiopathy, flat bones of the pelvis, ribs, skull and femur and humerus, which manifests itself initially as non-permanent aching in the bones, subsequently receiving persistent painful character.

Forecast.

In breast cancer prediction depends on the stage of the process, the rapidity of its course, and patient age. In advanced stages of the life expectancy of 2-3 years. Early diagnosis of breast cancer provides a successful treatment for most patients. Five-year survival in the treatment of localized forms of stage I-II is 90%, with mestnorasprostranannom cancer – 60%. The results of treatment are much worse in the presence of distant metastaeov.

Prophylaxis.

Prevention of breast cancer is primarily in the timely disposal of patients from pre-cancerous masses in the mammary glands, as well as in the observance of the normal physiological rhythm of a woman’s life (pregnancy, breast) with a reduction to the minimum number of abortions. In the diagnosis of breast cancer are important systematic self-examination (see Stanichka “Samoobsdelovanie breast”), and annual preventive medical examinations of women aged 40 years. Mammography is recommended every 1 to 2 years after age 40, a once a year – after 50 years. Women belonging to risk groups recommended for annual mammograms starting with perhaps an early age.

Characteristics of the person concerned from. It is important, for example the age and the presence of other diseases, such as the cardiovascular system. Even the aspects of the tumor itself are co-determines the appropriate treatment choice and depends, for example, together with the tissue type, the growth trend, the size, location and whether he has daughter seed off tumors. The below-mentioned therapies alone or in combination can be used.

Chemotherapy interferes with the metabolism of cells and prevents cell division.

Substances are used in chemotherapy that inhibit cell proliferation (so-called cytotoxic drugs). In this way prevents tumors from growing. It can be single or multiple chemotherapeutic therapeutically active substances are used in combination. Often there are specific therapeutic regimens, providing for the use of certain medications in combination with precisely defined time intervals. The side effects of chemotherapy result from the fact that the drugs used can not distinguish between tumor tissue and healthy cells, although they work particularly well in cancer cells. Hence the healthy tissue of the body are impaired in their ability to proliferate. This manifests itself particularly true in those tissues that need to be renewed regularly, bone marrow, including root hair, mucous membranes and blood-forming. The corresponding side-effects such as exist in hair loss, mouth sores, and anemia (anemia). Nausea and vomiting are common side effects that can be treated but usually good with appropriate medications.

Radiation therapy can now be used selectively and carefully.

In radiotherapy the tumor by radiation is hampered in its growth. It is ensured that the strongest effect is achieved in the field of radiation of the tumor in order to spare the surrounding tissue.This is possible, for example, by a simultaneous irradiation from several directions. Thus, the maximum radiation in the tumor is reached, where the cross beams coming from different directions. The dose, which acts on the tissue surrounding the tumor is small, since only one direction of the applied radiation comes into play. Also for the radiotherapy regimens are available which provide for certain radiation doses at set time intervals.Side effects of radiotherapy relate primarily to the skin. This can be dry, red and sensitive. These lesions seem but after completion of radiotherapy with time again. Moreover, the use of special skin care products (lotions, powders) helpful.

Operations, if they are possible, still the drug of first choice.

For many tumors is considered is surgery. It is usually removed the tumor and a “coat” of healthy surrounding tissue. This “shell” serves as a safety margin to remove the tumor completely. Often, the tumor to the closest lymph nodes are removed, there may seed off to capture “subsidiaries tumors” (metastases). The removed tumor and the lymph nodes are examined by a pathologist cellular level. In this way, specific tumor characteristics (tissue type, growth tendency) to determine what is the importance of further therapy planning. ”Side effects” can also occur as a result of an operation. So it is possible, for example, that is affected by the removal of lymph nodes drain the lymph fluid from the affected area. The result is a lymphatic. It causes swelling. An example where this happens frequently, the breast cancer surgery. This is often the lymph nodes are removed from the armpit. Because they are responsible for the lymph from the arm, it comes as a result after surgery often swollen to an arm.

Hormone therapy in tumors that are hormone sensitive, very effective.

In some tumors, hormone therapy can be performed. In particular, certain tumors of the female breasts are “hormone-sensitive.”This means that the administration of hormones the tumor in its further growth can be impeded or him even smaller. Hormone therapy is generally well tolerated and few side effects. However, it can get through the drug-altered hormone levels in tumor formation in the endometrium, so regular checkups are recommended by the doctor.

Cancer therapy is more than one therapy to the tumor.

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy are the four pillars of cancer therapy that directly attack the tumor. But for a cancer treatment is completed. Many are often referred to as “supportive measures” referred to treatment and support for those affected just as important and indispensable part of comprehensive cancer therapy. These measures include inter alia psychological care, social support, pain therapy, physiotherapy and rehabilitation.

Extensive information about pain management can be found at MedizInfo ® painless.

Effective pain management is of great importance in order to maintain quality of life of cancer patients. There are steps plans, which adjusts the dose of the painkiller to the complaints of those affected (see WHO staging system). Depending on the intensity of pain are lighter or stronger medication for pain medication use. Fears of addiction or severe side effects are unfounded.Even strong pain medications are generally well tolerated and not lead to dependence. However, a continuous monitoring of therapy will be performed to monitor the effects of treatment and possibly make adjustments. Cancer pain often develop in the course of the disease. It must be guided by the dosage. In certain cases there are specific therapeutic approaches to pain application, such as the implantation of a drug pump or an electrode, which dampens especially nerve pain. It is important to know that pain does not have to be endured.

The psyche suffers from – a psycho-oncology is one of proper therapy.

A psychological co-supervision of cancer patients can be a valuable aid to cope with the difficult situation of serious illness.Even the circumstances – (temporary) inability to work, frequent hospitalizations, prolonged therapy, treatment side effects, loss of resilience – can pose severe burdens that may change the daily life and damages. In such a situation it may be helpful to receive psychological support. In addition, many patients develop cancer during the depression. This should not dismissed as a “mood disorder”, but to be taken seriously as a disease and treated accordingly. This may create a psychotherapy, on the other by specific drugs (called anti-depressants) done. Even though many of those affected by hate drugs are taken for depression, should be considered: A depression is usually due to a chemical imbalance in the brain. Why medications work successfully to this imbalance. In addition, the drug therapy is usually limited to a few months.

In practical problems there is help.

In many cases it is important to those affected provide social assistance to relieve them and to support the healing process.Because often result from the disease and the often lengthy therapy very practical problems, such as in professional life, in the care of the family, offer assistance in financial matters, etc. among other things, the social service in hospitals and the community as well as support from health insurance, which among other sick pay or paid for domestic help. Lots of information and practical tips are obtained by including the “German Cancer Society.”

Physiotherapy and physical measures are necessary.

An accompanying physiotherapy treatment is important to stimulate the circulation and the muscles to strengthen. If it is swollen due to congested lymph fluid such as an arm, special massage techniques (lymphatic drainage) may be used to alleviate the complaining. Particularly in the context of a rehabilitation measure is strengthened emphasis on such “constructive” therapies. A rehabilitation treatment is followed usually on the first phase of therapy in the hospital (eg after surgery) and can be performed both in-patient facilities as well as in special rehabilitation clinics.

Cancer – a disease that can affect any organs and tissues of the human organism, the clinical symptomatology is characterized by great diversity and depends on many factors: location (location) of the tumor, its histological form (structure), the nature of growth, the distribution process, age and sex of the patient , presence of concomitant diseases.
Thus, clinical disease may be determined by the anatomical localization of the growing tumor. For example, in lesions of the gastrointestinal tract may occur cachexia (pronounced depletion, including significant weight loss), anemia, liver damage suffered in the metabolism.
Features of the tumor in the body and determine the clinical picture. The tumor, located in the pyloric (final) of the stomach has symptoms of stenosis (narrowing) – obstructed food from the stomach into the intestine, a tumor is localized in the cardia (the initial division of the stomach), leading to dysphagia – an obstacle passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach.
In some cases, at a late stage of the disease are the main symptoms may be associated not with the primary tumor and its metastases (“dropping out” of the primary tumor to other organs and tissues). Thus, the first symptoms of the disease in the small metastases of lung cancer in the brain may arise from the brain.Often, prostate cancer is diagnosed after the detection of metastases in the bones and accompanied by severe pain.
Malignant tumors, but the local symptoms associated with damage to this or that body, manifested by common symptoms.As it develops, growth can destroy the vital organs and whole body systems, causing metabolic activity of the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Thus, the tumor may have both local and systemic effect on the body. Local changes are the result of direct action of tumor cells in healthy tissue, directly bordering the neoplasm.
Local action of the tumor shows a number of clinical symptoms. There are the following group of symptoms neoplasms: tumor formation, obstruction (closure of the lumen of the hollow body), compression (compression) and the degradation (breakdown of the tumor).
The presence of tumor formation can be detected visually and by palpation. Probing can be set from which the body comes new growth, its boundaries, consistency, relationship to surrounding tissues and organs.
Causing compression and cross-breaking hollow organs (esophagus, stomach, intestines), even benign tumors of some localization may represent a mortal danger. Tumor growth into the lumen of the hollow body may cause closure of the lumen and a violation of passage (passage) of its contents, defining compression and obstruction syndrome. Thus, a tumor of the esophagus leads to dysphagia or esophageal obstruction full, that dooms the organism to starvation. Neoplasm of the intestine may cause intestinal obstruction, ureter – anuria (absence of excretion of urine), throat – choking, bronchus – atelectasis (spadenie) lung tissue, the tumor bile ducts develop cholestasis (bile stasis), and jaundice. Brain tumor may compress the vital centers.
As the size of the tumor can be observed its destruction or decay. During germination of tumor blood vessels against the background of its collapse and ulceration can occur violating the integrity of blood vessels, leading to bleeding, sometimes fatal.Tumor necrosis can lead to perforation (the appearance of holes) walls organ (esophagus, bladder), fully or partially destroy the bodies, that with the defeat of vital systems can result in death.
System action on the body of the tumor appears as a non-specific symptoms: general weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, depressed mood, general immunosuppression (low immunity), fever (fever), anemia, etc.
However, sometimes the tumor develops in such places, where symptoms may not appear for a very long time, until then, until it reaches a large size, or until it is in the process will involve the nerves (which is manifested by pain), or blood vessels (hemorrhage and anemia), or bile duct (jaundice), etc.
Sometimes, cancer cells secrete biologically active substances in the bloodstream that cause symptoms are usually not specific to tumors. For example, some tumors of the pancreas produce substances that lead to the formation of blood clots in the legs. Some types of lung cancers produce hormone-like biologically active substances that affect the blood levels of calcium, which affects the nerves and muscles, causing weakness and dizziness.
Thus, it is clear that cancer can manifest a huge number of symptoms, however, most of them non-specific, ie not permit an unambiguous diagnosis without resorting to other methods of diagnosis. Nevertheless, there are certain sets of symptoms on which to suspect a malignant tumor of any entity that requires immediate detailed diagnostics.

Women need special attention to watch for warning signs and symptoms, warning of possible failures in the body. Many types of gynecologic cancers in the early stages are accompanied by numerous symptoms, which allows time to diagnose the disease and in most cases successfully cured him. If symptoms are ignored or treat them lightly, delay in treatment can be fatal, so you need to carefully listen to your body!
If you notice one or more of the following symptoms, seek immediate medical attention. It is not excluded that these symptoms are not related to cancer, but it is better to check once again, is not it?

Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain – is pain or pressure in the abdomen, just below the navel. The pain is constant aching in nature and does not fit into the framework of premenstrual syndrome. Abdominal pain is often a symptom of cancer of the female reproductive system – endometrium, ovary, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina.
Abdominal distention
Bloating – another common symptom of ovarian cancer. It is also a symptom that most often neglected. Bloating can be on such a scale that can not fasten your trousers or skirt, and even have to wear clothes size or two larger.
Persistent back pain
Back pain are often monotonic, so they can even be used to learn and not to notice them. Some women compare the feeling with the birth pangs. Back pain – a symptom of ovarian cancer.
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Abnormal vaginal bleeding – the most common symptom of cancer of the female genital organs. Profuse menstrual bleeding, abnormal bleeding in between periods and period bleeding during and after sexual intercourse – are all examples of abnormal vaginal bleeding, which is a symptom of genital cancers: cervical and ovarian cancers.
Constant high temperature
High temperature, which persists throughout the day for 7 days or more – another dangerous symptom which, if found, immediately seek medical attention. Not decreasing the temperature is often a symptom of cancer. However, remember that high temperatures can be a sign of many diseases entirely harmless, curable.
Constant diarrhea or irregular stools
If recently you suffer from constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, your stools become liquid, and irregular, and there is blood in the stool, see your doctor. All these changes can be a symptom of cancer of the genitals or rectum.
Rapid weight loss
If you have a month lost 5 kilograms or more without making any effort to it, it’s not normal. The body weight of women may fluctuate throughout the month, but the rapid weight loss may be a sign of a dangerous disease.
Abnormal changes in the vulva or vagina
Detect abnormal changes in the vulva or vagina (sores, blisters, changes in skin tone, the appearance of discharge), seek immediate medical attention. Women should regularly examine the external genitalia to check their condition.
Changes in breast cancer
During a monthly self-breast examinations, please note that there are no wounds, seals, discharge from the nipple, redness or swelling. Report any changes as soon as possible, tell your doctor.
Fatigue
Chronic fatigue – the most common symptom of cancer. As a general rule. He appears at a later stage of the disease, but occurs in the early stages. On any fatigue that prevents you perform daily activities, you should inform your doctor.