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Increased rates of blood pressure or hypertension is now the most common long-term illness. It is well known that arterial hypertension – a leading risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular lesions, kidney, vision loss and other threatening diseases.Fortunately, in the last 30-35 years has been noticeable visual breakthrough in the treatment of hypertension. The number of deaths from stroke decreased by 50% and death from heart disease dropped by more than 40% in relation to 1973-74. However, the disease pobedunad celebrate too early. Most patients are neglected prevention of hypertension and healthy lifestyle, many people remain unexpressed with disease, and several million patients diagnosed with hypertension do not receive adequate treatment.

To understand exactly how the reduction in pressure has a significant role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, it will be interesting to consider some of the physiological aspects of the cardiovascular system. The length of the vessels in our body is about 111 000 kilometers. With each stroke of 60-80 grams of oxygen-rich blood pressure falls from a powerful ventricle into the aorta, the largest artery in our body. Vascular system of the human body can be compared with the tree. Aorta – The main trunk of the tree. It divides into many arteries, which in turn are divided into smaller branches called arterioles. They deliver blood capillaries – the leaves of the tree. Capillaries – this is a very small vessels, which are enriched with oxygen and nutrients every cell of our body. After the cells of oxygen, the blood returns to the heart via the veins.

To promote blood on forked system of arteries and veins, it is necessary to make certain force or energy. The force which has effect on the vascular wall during blood flow, and is what we call pressure. Without a doubt, the strength of blood pressure depends on the heart, but no less important role in the regulation of pressure and arterioles are important – a very small artery. They are able to relax if you want to lower blood pressure, or shrink, if you want to increase it.

Blood pressure varies in different people, depending on their activity. For example, the heart is no need to work fast and hard, when you are resting. If you are doing physical work or exercise, require large volumes of blood to supply oxygen to the muscles, and blood pressure starts to increase. In other situations, for example, if you get up sharply from a horizontal position, the body responds immediately increasing pressure to provide a steady supply of oxygen to the brain. Blood vessels of the legs and abdomen compressed, and the heart starts to beat faster. Sometimes, however, can be a small delay of this answer, and you feel dizzy or weak. This is especially true in middle-aged men whose cardiovascular reflexes a bit slow.

Some people may feel a “clouding” in the head or lethargy, if there are long standing. This is due to the fact that the blood in the original akkomuliruetsya blood shed – the leg veins, and in consequence of which the brain receives insufficient oxygen.
Blood pressure is regulated by diverse neurological and hormonal mechanisms, and can vary significantly throughout the day. Typically, the pressure is lower, when you sleep, and conversely, increased during wakefulness or stress. If you are scared or angry, your adrenal glands start to produce the stress hormone – adrenaline. This hormone makes the heart beat stronger and faster, in consequence of that pressure increases and more blood flowing to the muscles.

It was established that blood pressure is usually lower in the period from 1:00 to 5:00 in the morning, rises sharply from 6:00 to 8:00, then we can say is not changed in the afternoon and evening and falls between 11:00 and 12: 00 nights. Also, the pressure varies with age.In children, the standard indicators of pressure can be 70/50, while the elderly – more than 120/80. The flow of blood in our body is not similar to the stable flow of the river, on the contrary, moving the system of blood vessels, blood, akin to a mountain stream, twists, accelerating or slowing down the flow in adequately with cardiac contractions. The number of heart beats – about 60-70 per minute and can be increased to 120-140 beats, such as during exercise. As you know, the heart does not contract tirelessly, and at each blow should a short period of relaxation or recreation. Blood pressure is in consequence of that change.

Indicators of pressure is denoted by two numbers: 120 for 80 or 120/80. The first figure is called systolic pressure and represents the greatest blood pressure in the vessel wall after a heart attack. A smaller number, called diastolic pressure, shows the blood pressure during rest, in between heartbeats. By nastoyaschemuvremeni among doctors there is no clear views on what figures to recognize high blood pressure. However, the pressure above 140/90 is considered a sign of hypertension.

Diagnosis of hypertension usually do not put one just after measurement of pressure, except in cases where rates are very high, for example, more than 170-180/105-110. In this case, holding a series of measurements over a period of time to accurately confirm the diagnosis. It is also important to take into account the circumstances in which the measurements of blood pressure. Often, the pressure increases performance under stress, coffee or tobacco.

Interestingly, in the doctor’s office under pressure measurement values ​​can be higher than it actually is. This phenomenon is called “white coat hypertension” and caused fear in front of the patient’s condition or to the doctor.

In the event that performance pressure in the adult does not exceed 140/90, then a second measurement is usually carried out not earlier than one year. In patients whose pressure is between 140/90 to 160/100, a second measurement after a small period of time to confirm the diagnosis. Elevated diastolic blood pressure, such as 110 or 115 mm Hg, suggesting the need for immediate therapy.

In middle-aged people sometimes found an unusual type of hypertension, the so-called “isolated systolic hypertension.” At the same systolic pressure equal to or greater than 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure rates are below 90 mm Hg This type of hypertension is a formidable risk factor for stroke and heart failure.

In addition to the study of blood pressure doctor usually checks the breach by the other organs, especially if pressure indicators are at high numbers.

Arterial hypertension (hypertension, hypertensive disease) – the most common chronic disease in adults, associated with high blood pressure. Completely cure the disease is impossible, but blood pressure can be kept under control. High blood pressure is one of three risk factors for coronary heart disease, which can be controlled (the risk in this case involves not only how high blood pressure rises, but the time during which there is high blood pressure). Timely control of pressure will help reduce the risk of kidney disease. The sooner you have identified hypertension and began to watch her in the dynamics, the lower the risk of developing complications of hypertension in the future.

The reasons

The causes of hypertension are unknown in 90% of cases. However, certain factors are known that increase the risk of hypertension:

- Age (with age, the walls of large arteries become more rigid, and because of this increased blood flow resistance of the vessels, thus increasing the pressure);
- Hereditary predisposition;
- Sex (more men suffer from hypertension);
- Smoking;
- Excessive use of alcohol, salt, obesity, lack of physical activity;
- Excessive exposure to stress;
- Kidney disease;
- Increased levels of adrenaline in the blood;
- Congenital heart disease;
- Regular use of certain drugs (eg, according to some regular use of oral contraceptives);
- Late toxemia of pregnancy (a complication of pregnancy).

Symptoms of arterial hypertension

Increased blood pressure may not be accompanied by any symptoms and be detected by chance, when measuring blood pressure. In some cases, may cause headaches, dizziness, flashing before the eyes of flies

Hypertension – a chronic disease characterized by a constant, but in the early stages – the periodic rise in blood pressure. The basis of hypertension is increasing tension of the walls of small arteries, resulting in a reduction of their lumen, difficult to move blood through the vessels. The pressure of blood on the walls of blood vessels increases.

Hypertension – a very common disease, it usually develops after age 40, more often in women. Hypertension develops slowly, starting from periodic headaches, palpitations, blood pressure becomes unstable. Then the numbness of fingers and toes, rush of blood to the head, poor sleep, flickering “flies” in front of the eyes, rapid fatigue, high blood pressure is persistent in the blood vessels at this time there are sclerotic changes. This stage lasts several years. With further development of the patient revealed cardiac or renal failure, cerebral blood flow.

Intracranial hypertension – increased intracranial pressure. Characterized by headache, nausea, vomiting, persistent hiccups, drowsiness, depression of consciousness, double vision (due to unilateral or bilateral compression of the abducent nerve), transient episodes of blurred vision, the appearance of congestive optic disc (the study of the fundus). In cases of severe increased intracranial pressure increased systolic blood pressure, there is bradycardia (50 – 60 beats / min). Key causes of intracranial hypertension – large lesions (tumor, hematoma), hydrocephalus, and stroke, meningitis, encephalitis, disruption of water and electrolyte balance (hyponatremia), brain injury, eclampsia, acute hypertensive encephalopathy and other diseases that trigger brain edema. Increased intracranial pressure can also result from congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypercapnia, violations of the outflow of jugular veins, pericardial effusion. The normal pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid in man, which is located in the supine position on the side, is 100-180 mm of water column.

Risk of intracranial hypertension is probably compressing the substance of the brain in the skull of a confined space, which leads to diffuse cerebral ischemia, as well as penetration – the displacement of brain tissue from one department to another cranial due to focal increased intracranial pressure. Penetration often occurs in the cutting gallop (tentorium) of the cerebellum (transtentorialnoe wedging) or foramen magnum. Wedging quickly leads to death due to compression of the brain stem and located in its vital centers.

The penetration of the hook of the temporal lobe occurs in the presence of a large formation in the middle cranial fossa. Early sign – extension of the pupil on the side of his injury with loss of response to light. Later on the affected side or opposite side of hemiparesis developed. With increasing intracranial pressure, there are signs of bilateral brain stem dysfunction – sopor, then coma, the expansion of another pupil, rhythm disturbances of breathing, decerebrate posture (arms straightened and rotated inward, legs extended). Transtentorialnoe central penetration is defined by diffuse cerebral edema, acute hydrocephalus, or median space-occupying lesions. Early effects – drowsiness and torpor, frequent deep breaths, yawning, pupillary constriction, the recovery of tendon reflexes, bilateral Babinski. Then the pupils dilate, with pain, excitation nonparalysed limbs appears dekortikatsionnaya posture (arms bent at the elbows, feet – stretch), which is then followed by decerebrate, disturbed rhythm dyhaniya.Pri large formations which lie in the posterior fossa, may be infiltration of its structures in cutting gallop cerebellum (bottom up) or in the foramen magnum (from top to bottom).

For the prevention of increased intracranial pressure in acute traumatic brain injury you must: 1) restore the airway, ensure full oxygenation, prevent and treat pulmonary complications in time, and 2) raise the head of the bed by 15 – 30 ° to the weakening of the venous outflow from the cranial cavity, and 3) restrict fluid intake to 1.5 L / day, 4) not to introduce solutions that have a lot of “free water” (eg, 5% glucose solution), 5) to maintain water and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance, 6) in a timely manner to arrest arterial hypertension, hyperthermia, seizures, psychomotor agitation, and 7) as far as possible avoid the use of vasodilators.

Portal hypertension – elevated blood pressure in the portal vein, which occurs when the outflow of her difficulty levels. The main signs of portal hypertension – varicose veins of the esophagus, stomach and abdominal wall, esophageal and gastrointestinal bleeding, splenomegaly, ascites

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Arterial hypertension

Thickening of the arterial wall in hypertension. Microphotograph
ICD-10 I10. - I15.
ICD-9 401 – 405
DiseasesDB 6330
MedlinePlus 000 468
eMedicine med/1106
Arterial hypertension (AH, Hypertension) – a persistent increase in blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg and above [1]. Essential hypertension is 90-95% of cases of hypertension.In the remaining cases are diagnosed secondary, symptomatic arterial hypertension: renal (nephrogenic) 3-4%, 0.1-0.3% endocrine, hemodynamic, neurologic, stress caused by taking certain substances and hypertension during pregnancy, at which the increase in blood pressure is one symptom of underlying disease.
Hypertension – one of the most common diseases of the cardiovascular system. It is established that hypertension affects 20-30% of the adult population. With age, the prevalence of the disease increases and reaches 50-65% in those over 65 years.
Occurrence of hypertension contribute more than 20 combinations in the human genetic code